by Jo Brodie, Queen Mary University of London
Have you ever heard a grown up say “I’d completely forgotten about that!” and then share a story from some long-forgotten memory? While most of us can remember all sorts of things from our own life history it sometimes takes a particular cue for us to suddenly recall something that we’d not thought about for years or even decades.
As we go through life we add more and more memories to our own personal library, but those memories aren’t neatly organised like books on a shelf. For example, can you remember what you were doing on Thursday 20th September 2018 (or can you think of a way that would help you find out)? You’re more likely to be able to remember what you were doing on the last Tuesday in December 2018 (but only because it was Christmas Day!). You might not spontaneously recall a particular toy from your childhood but if someone were to put it in your hands the memories about how you played with it might come flooding back.
Accessing old memories
In Alzheimer’s Disease (a type of dementia) people find it harder to form new memories or retain more recent information which can make daily life difficult and bewildering and they may lose their self-confidence. Their older memories, the ones that were made when they were younger, are often less affected however. The memories are still there but might need drawing out with a prompt, to help bring them to the surface.
An EPSRC-funded project at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland is developing a tablet-based ‘story facilitator’ agent (a software program designed to adapt its response to human interaction) which contains artificial intelligence to help people with Alzheimer’s disease and their carers. The device, called ‘AMPER’*, could improve wellbeing and a sense of self in people with dementia by helping them to uncover their ‘autobiographical memories’, about their own life and experiences – and also help their carers remember them ‘before the disease’.
Our ‘reminiscence bump’
We form some of our most important memories between our teenage years and early adulthood – we start to develop our own interests in music and the subjects that we like studying, we might experience first loves, perhaps going to university, starting a career and maybe a family. We also all live through a particular period of time where we’re each experiencing the same world events as others of the same age, and those experiences are fitted into our ‘memory banks’ too. If someone was born in the 1950s then their ‘reminiscence bump’ will be events from the 1970s and 1980s – those memories are usually more available and therefore people affected by Alzheimer’s disease would be able to access them until more advanced stages of the disease process. Big important things that, when we’re older, we’ll remember more easily if prompted.
Talking and reminiscing about past life events can help people with dementia by reinforcing their self-identity, and increasing their ability to communicate – at a time when they might otherwise feel rather lost and distressed.
Saving your preferences
AMPER comes pre-loaded with publicly available information (such as photographs, news clippings or videos) about world events that would be familiar to an older person. It’s also given information about the person’s likes and interests. It offers examples of these as suggested discussion prompts and the person with Alzheimer’s disease can decide with their carer what they might want to explore and talk about. Here comes the clever bit – AMPER also contains an AI feature that lets it adapt to the person with dementia. If the person selects certain things to talk about instead of others then in future the AI can suggest more things that are related to their preferences over less preferred things. Each choice the person with dementia makes now reinforces what the AI will show them in future. That might include preferences for watching a video or looking at photos over reading something, and the AI can adjust to shorter attention spans if necessary.
When we look at a photograph, for example, the memories it brings up haven’t been organised neatly in our brain like a database. Our memories form connections with all our other memories, more like the branches of a tree. We might remember the people that we’re with in the photo, then remember other fun events we had with them, perhaps places that we visited and the sights and smells we experienced there. AMPER’s AI can mimic the way our memories branch and show new information prompts based on the person’s previous interactions.
Although AMPER can help someone with dementia rediscover themselves and their memories it can also help carers in care homes (who didn’t know them when they were younger) learn more about the person they’re caring for.
*AMPER stands for ‘Agent-based Memory Prosthesis to Encourage Reminiscing’.
Suggested classroom activities – find some prompts!
- What’s the first big news story you and your class remember hearing about? Do you think you will remember that in 60 years’ time?
- What sort of information about world or local events might you gather to help prompt the memories for someone born in 1942, 1959, 1973 or 1997? (Remember that their reminiscence bump will peak in the 15 to 30 years after they were born – some of them may still be in the process of making their memories the first time!).
See also
If you live near Blackheath in South East London why not visit the Age Exchange and reminiscence centre which is an arts charity providing creative group activities for those living with dementia and their carers. It has a very nice cafe.
Related careers
The AMPER project is interdisciplinary, mixing robots and technology with psychology, healthcare and medical regulation.
We have information about four similar-ish job roles on our TechDevJobs blog that might be of interest. This was a group of job adverts for roles in the Netherlands related to the ‘Dramaturgy^ for Devices’ project. This is a project linking technology with the performing arts to adapt robots’ behaviour and improve their social interaction and communication skills.
Below is a list of four job adverts (which have now closed!) which include information about the job description, the types of people that the employers were looking for and the way in which they wanted them to apply. You can find our full list of jobs that involve computer science directly or indirectly here.
^Dramaturgy refers to the study of the theatre, plays and other artistic performances.
Dramaturgy for Devices – job descriptions
- Human-Robot Interaction Design for service robots in hospitality settings (at TUDelft)
- Shaping a personalised child-robot learning experience through conversational interaction (at VU)
- Improvising Robots for Careful interaction: shaping HRI design through theatre (at UTwente)
- Performing Arts and Robotics (at Utrecht University)
References
1. Agent-based Memory Prosthesis to Encourage Reminiscing (AMPER) Gateway to Research
2. The Digital Human: Reminiscence (13 November 2023) BBC Sounds – a radio programme that talks about the AMPER Project.
3. Storytelling AI set to improve wellbeing of people with dementia (14 March 2022) Heriot-Watt University news
4. AMPER project to improve life for people with dementia (14 January 2022) The Engineer
EPSRC supports this blog through research grant EP/W033615/1.